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Besides its ligand activation, the activity and degradation of these proteins via the proteasome are regulated by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation, and ubiquitination (65, 66)

The ICV is the valve between the small and large intestine

Patients with significantly elevated ferritin levels are more prone to severe joint complications, and this increase correlates positively with the severity of arthritis (Morales-Ivorra et al., 2018

Also, LL17-32 and LL13-37 could indirectly down-regulate ABCG2 protein expression in drug-resistant cells through the lysosomal degradation pathway, thus reversing multidrug resistance of tumor cells and making the drug-resistant cancer cells sensitive to chemotherapies

Understanding likely future developments helps inform long-term decisions about peptide use

Moora et al., 2025)